Tuesday, 23 February 2010

Employee Benefit Or Worker Entitlement

Fasten your seatbelt because whether you are an employer or an employee, your benefit program is about to change.


During the booming industrial age when a potential employee would seek out employment at a medium to large sized company, they would look at wages as the main reason for choosing one company over another. Most employers would typically offer the same benefit plan which included medical and dental insurance. This same employee also knew that if they stayed with this employer until retirement, their retirement needs would be met through a defined benefit plan.

Employees during this time period did not need to be educated on their employee benefits program because they had little to no choice in the matter. Typically, these employees were enrolled automatically in their benefits and could not make any adjustments or changes to their plan or plan design. Benefits were viewed as and became entitlements.

Now enter the information age. With the cost of offering a competitive employee benefits program at an all time high, employers are having to share some of the costs associated with offering such benefit plans with their employees. As employers are struggling to attract and retain good quality employees, they are finding wages are not the only issue as it pertains to hiring a new employee. The employee benefits program has now taken center stage.

The result, as employee benefits continue to cost more and more each year, employees will now make changes to their employment over benefits not just wages.

The one constant between the two ages is the perception that employees are entitled to these employee benefits and they are not viewed as an employee perk.

So how does this perception get changed? By introducing employee driven benefit plans.

By allowing employees to take control of specific design elements of their own personal benefits plan, the employee and the employer receive huge dividends. Although, this may sound like the old cafeteria plans of yester year in which the employer gave their employees a sum of money to purchase benefits from a benefit bank, this strategy works much differently. The cost of this program becomes transparent to the employee and therefore they see the total cost of their benefit program.

Since the employee sees the actual cost of their own employee benefits program, this strategy requires input from the employee to design their own program in which variety is the key. By offering a multitude of benefit options, the employee is in control of their own plan design as well as the cost. Most employee driven plan designs offer multliple medical, dental, short term disability, long term disability and many other insurance offerings including voluntary benefits such as accident, cancer, life and identity theft coverages. Just to name a few.

So how does this employee driven benefit plan work and what is the best strategy for implementation?

There are three main aspects to developing this type of benefit strategy:

1. Communication. Communicating the features and benefits of this type of strategy should be the foundation of offering an employee driven benefit plan. It is important for an employee to be educated on their benefit options as it pertains to their situation and allow them to make good decisions as it relates to the benefits and their cost.

This can be accomplished through group meetings, newsletters, informational call center or through licensed benefit couselors. Of all the options, the latter is preferred.

2.Enrollment. As the employee designs their own benefit plan, each design may be different from one employee to another. For this reason there must be an electronic enrollment system in place for ease of enrollment and to assist in the transfer of data electronically to multiple vendors and/or carriers.

3. Administration. As employers look to cut their budgets or to reduce costs, it is important that a strategy like this does not increase the overall cost of administering the employee benefits plan or add an additional administrative burden. So having an electronic enrollment system that can be used as an administrative and billing tool is of the essence.

Once this strategy is implemented there are 4 main benefits for the employee and the employer.

1. Since the employees become educated through this process, he or she has a higher level of understanding of their own benefit plan and how to maximize the benefits for their own use.

2. Benefit statements can be produced and printed from the enrollment/administration system so the employee can see the total costs of their benefits and the amount the employer is contributing on their behalf. The employer may also include items on this benefit statement such as the cost of additional taxes or benefits paid on behalf of the employee to show the employee their total compensation received for that year. Most employees never see this type information.

3. Tax savings. Since most of the additional benefits in this employee driven benefit model are pretax, the overall costs are reduced for both the employee and the employer.

4. By including the employee in the overall process and by allowing them to understand the costs associated with offering an employee benefits plan, the employee understands the employer cost and feels appreciative of the benefit. Their benefit program becomes a benefit again.

So what is the end result?

The end result of this employee driven benefit strategy is plan understanding, employee appreciation and transparency of cost which will allow all parties to maintain control the costs associated with offering a complete benefits program. As technology continues to develop, more options related to this type of plan design will be available.

Rick L. Guetzkow has been a employee benefits broker and consultant for over the past 15 years. He has helped many companies design, build and enroll this new employee driven benefit strategy with great success.

To learn more please go to http://www.bluechip-advisors.com

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Rick_Guetzkow

The 10 Most Asked Questions of Cost Benefit

When dealing with decisions using Cost Benefit techniques it is very important to follow the proven principles. The health of your company and your reputation depend on it. If these rules are not followed then your decisions could be flawed.


Let's start, shall we?

Question #1. Is this technique suitable for the small business owner?

Yes. The theory works equally as well for small business as it does for big business and government.

Cost Benefit Analysis is a decision-making technique that assesses the positive outcomes (benefits) as well as the negative outcomes (costs) of different decision alternatives. The trick is to make its implementation easy for the small businessperson.

Once you have basic knowledge of the theory and can enter data into a spreadsheet then the rest is not too difficult.

Question #2. Is this all I need to make better decisions?

No. Cost Benefit Analysis is a tool to assist in making better financial decisions. It is not an end in itself. However, part of the Cost Benefit process requires that you think widely on all options before making a final decision. This is often where most people fail in their decision-making attempts.

Cost Benefit Analysis is also very skilful at providing a single viability output for each competing option, making comparisons objective and easy.

Question #3. What do I include as the Costs and the Benefits?

Costs. All costs attributable to the project are to be included. Some of these are listed below:

- Asset Costs (both Capital and ongoing)

- Supply costs for purchased items

- Extra administrative effort required to manage project

- Delivery costs if to your account

- Replacement of assets in future years

- Tender preparation costs

- Any specialised tooling associated with the project

Revenue. Revenue can only be attributed to a project if it were not received were the project not to go ahead.

Asset Disposal and Residual Values. Some assets may be retired prior to the end of their useful lives or may be salvaged at the end of the project. This value is to be included in the cash flows (less the costs associated with their sale or disposal).

Cost Savings. All cost savings attributable to the project are to be included. Wage and salary cost savings must include their overheads and on-costs.

Question #4. How do I treat non-financial costs and benefits?

Since only cash transactions (both costs and benefits) are included in Cost Benefit models, non-financial costs and benefits are usually described by way of notes.

If the Benefit Cost Ratio is = to 1 or > 1 then the use of non-financial costs and benefits would not be required since the project is already VIABLE. Normally these non-financial costs and benefits would be included when comparing competing options whose Benefit Cost Ratio is close to each other.

Question #5. How can I test my assumptions?

You are best placed to make assumptions based on your own experience and judgement. However, you can use a technique to show others how robust your assumptions really are. This technique is called Sensitivity Analysis.

This technique is important to understand because you have made many assumptions in your analysis. These could have been, for instance, the level of new income generated, the savings generated or the residual value of the asset at the end of the project life. These assumptions are at the heart of your analysis and have contributed to your final Benefit Cost Ratio outcome.

Since the future cannot be accurately predicted there is a high probability that some of your assumptions may prove incorrect.

Using this technique will add conviction and weight to your proposal by showing how changes to costs and benefits affect the Benefit Cost Ratio. Do small changes move the project from VIABLE to UNVIABLE?

Question #6. How can I be sure that the project is VIABLE?

You have made your assumptions based on your project knowledge and experience. You have constructed the model that shows the project to be VIABLE. If you have followed the proven principles it should work out OK. Once the project has been authorised it is important to ensure that the assumptions are correct and in fact are deliverable.

To ensure this happens follow up on these items:

- Any labour savings must be delivered - re-assign affected resources

- Cost savings due to process changes must be acted upon swiftly

- Increased revenue from price rises must be implemented urgently

A Post Completion Review undertaken a year from the project's implementation will show you if all or some of your assumptions proved correct. It will also teach lessons on how this could done more successfully next time rather than making the same mistakes again.

Question #7. How can I implement this technique in my company?

There are a number of ways as follows:

- Use Cost Benefit Analysis yourself in a pilot project

- Convince the CEO of its benefits to the company and use that authority

- Use Cost Benefit Analysis in a specific business unit

All of these ways require a thorough understanding of the theory, the reasons for its implementation and the expected payoffs.

A training program would need to be undertaken so that all those involved understood the technique.

Question #8. Why does it have to include NPV to account for the time value of money?

Typically the life of the assets, or the decision being made, will have a financial impact over more than 1 year. This is usually 3 - 5 years (computers, software, factory machinery), 20 years for some large electrical equipment and even up to 100 years for underground pipes as used in water and sewer reticulation.

Inflation, year by year, reduces the buying power of the dollar causing us to spend more each year in dollar terms to purchase the same item. So it is with projects whose life span is more than one year.

Costs and benefits that occur in year 3 or 4 of the project would not have the same impact as if they occurred in year one.

The Benefit Cost Ratio and the final decision regarding VIABILITY could be completely wrong if NPV is not used in the model.

Question #9. Are there any limits to its applicability?

Not really, as long as you are dealing with financial costs and benefits. It has application to large and small decisions, complex and simple, long lived and short lived assets, also profit based and government and charities. There are some general limitations:

Subjectivity - It is quite unlikely that two analysts working separately will estimate exactly the same Cost Benefit Ratio number. There are many variables that can be treated slightly differently, some of which are listed below:

- Estimation of physical and/or economic life of the asset/project

- Estimates of costs/benefits of environmental protection

- The choice of discount rates (the rates illustrated above are indicative of a range which could be applicable)

- The value of benefits can be different for different groups in society (i.e. the value of a $ to the poor section of the community is different to that of the affluent class)

Political Decision Making - The necessity of making political judgements on the viability of the project (timing of elections, regional loyalties) can sway an outcome. Also decision-makers are not consistent over space and time.

First Round Effects - We would normally only include the effects that are directly attributable to the project going ahead. We would not, for instance, include the increased community agricultural output generally due to a project going ahead. This would only be justified if the sector was originally under-employed.

Question #10. How can this technique actually help me?

There are many ways - some are listed below:

- Increases your confidence knowing you have used a proven reliable method.

- Having thought of all the options for solving the problem you can present your proposal knowing you have the answers.

- Using this technique will ensure you gain recognition and more opportunities for advancement

- Once the company sees the benefits of this technique it may wish you to be the trainer of other staff or the implementation champion - more opportunities for you.

- This technique will you save time in project assessment and ranking of competing proposals.

Ready to learn more from Bruce Hokin, The Cost Benefit Coach, about making better financial decisions, being more confident, and being recognized for these skills? Then grab your FREE copy of "The Absolute Beginners Guide to Cost Benefit Analysis" and FREE spreadsheets at http://www.thecostbenefitcoach.com Not only will you discover how to create your own Cost Benefit Analysis spreadsheet models in less than 60 minutes, guaranteed, you'll be using tested and proven, real-world methods.

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Bruce_Hokin

Variable Annuity Living Benefits Explained

One of the major reasons living benefits have grown in popularity is because they reduce investor risk. The popularity is a direct result of poor market performance. Living benefits evolved because of this market decline and have made investing easier.


As the market had its steady and severe decline in the early 2000's, insurance companies came up with a novel idea: why not guarantee investors a rate of return, regardless of market performance. The GMIB is the grand daddy of the living benefits.

Other living benefits have been introduced since the first GMIB was released over 6 years ago. Now we have guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits also known as GMB's, guaranteed account values known as GAV, and life-time benefits. Each one of these benefits may not be available at all insurance carriers and can go by different names. All these benefits deflect the risk of investing in the stock market and puts the risk on the insurance company. Of course, the insurance companies may make a profit from the fees you pay on these benefits. Lets take a look at the different benefits.

GMIB:

The terms of the guarantees seem pretty simple, you invest in the company's variable annuity for a specified number of years, typically 10 years. If the market does not perform well, the company guarantees you a minimum income stream for life, even if your account is at zero. The insurance company gives you a minimum interest rate for that 10 year period of time, usually 5 or 6%, which accumulates and is considered the "base benefit" amount. This base benefit amount is what is used to calculate the minimum stream of income that is guaranteed for the rest of your life. This benefit does require you to annuitize the contract. That means you turn in your contract for a stream of income, this option is irrevocable. The term used for this benefit is GMIB which stands for guaranteed minimum income benefit. Different companies use different terms for this benefit.

GWB:

The guaranteed withdrawal benefit was the second living benefit that hit the insurance market about 5 years ago. This benefit allows the owner of the contract to take withdrawals for a guaranteed minimum period of time. This type of benefit guarantees you your money back in the form of withdrawals. A withdrawal benefit usually allows you to take withdrawals in the amount of 6 to 12%. Typically, the benefits allow 7% on average and guarantees you that 7% for a minimum of 14.2 years, which equals 100% of your principal back. These benefits usually allow for step-ups every 3 to 5 years, and when you step-up the account value, assuming positive investment results, it restarts the 14.2 year time frame all over again. This benefit allows you to increase your income if your investments go up and guarantee your money back if you lose money in the market. Keep in mind you only get your money back in the form of withdrawals, it is not a lump sum benefit.

GAV:

These types of benefits guarantee your money back in a lump sum form. You invest your money with a company that has this benefit and after a specified number of years the benefit will mature and you receive, at a minimum, your money back. Depending on the company, you will have to hold the contract anywhere from 5 to 10 years in order to get your money back. There are many different variations to this benefit. It can either require you to invest into asset allocation funds or you give the company the authority to move money back and forth between the sub-accounts and the company's fixed account. After the required time period, if your account value is lower than your initial investment or the last stepped-up amount, if the company allows you to step-up the benefit, you will get back your money in a lump sum.

For-Life Benefits:

These are the newest living benefits. This type of benefit allows you to receive a percentage, usually 4 to 6%, of your original investment for as long as you live. These benefits also allow your income to increase if you experience positive investment performance, usually every 3 or 5 years. These benefits are usually age based, so depending on your age you may be charged more if you are younger and less if you are older. You may also be able to take out a greater percentage of your original investment if you are older. These benefits are pretty straight forward as long as you live the company will pay you. So if you invested $100,000 you are able to take out $5,000 per year for the rest of your life. There are many variations on this type of benefit and every company has a different name for it. Again this is an income benefit not a lump sum benefit.

Living benefits can be a wonderful thing, but they are extremely confusing. Just by reading the descriptions above, do not assume you understand them. What I had written above is a very simplified version of the benefits. Each benefit has pros and cons and even many of the agents or brokers selling them do not fully understand them. You have to know what you are buying and if there is a better one on the market for your needs. This is where I come in to help you. I have done the research, I have read all the materials and I have ripped them apart and rated each benefit from the top selling annuity companies. No other source out there has done what I have done and given you straight unbiased facts behind, not just living benefits, but annuities themselves.

Please remember that even if an annuity ranks low it does not mean it is a bad product or benefit. It is meant to compare each contract against its peer group. Each state may have a different variation of the products presented here. Please check with each company to insure that the benefits are available in your state.

Scott DeMonte is a widely respected expert in variable annuities. Scott has worked as both a financial advisor and as an executive for 2 of the best selling variable annuity contracts sold in America.

With over 12 years experience in the financial services industry, Scott decide to start his own company, http://www.annuityiq.com. Through his expertise he evaluates and rates variable annuity contracts.

By educating both brokers and consumers, Scott’s goal is clear: Get the right information, the first time.

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Scott_Demonte

Social Security, Retirement Benefits, and Divorce

Social Security in the United States refers directly to a lesser known federal Old Age, Survivors and Disability Insurance program or OASDI. The program was originally rolled out in the 1930's in an attempt to limit what were seen as dangers to the American way of life such as increased life expectancy, poverty, and fatherless children. So the Social Security Act, signed in 1935, created social insurance programs to provide benefits to retirees, the unemployed, and as well as a lump sum benefit to the family at death. Many amendments have been made since the original Social Security Act of 1935. Most importantly; Medicare was added in 1965. The Social Security Act of 1965 also recognized for the first time that divorce was becoming a common cause for the end of marriages and added divorcees to the beneficiary list.


The largest component of benefits is retirement income. Throughout a person's working life the Social Security Administration keeps track of income and taxpayers fund the program via payroll taxes also known as FICA (Federal Insurance Contributions Act) taxes. The amount of the monthly benefit to which the worker is entitled depends upon the earnings record and upon the age at which the retiree chooses to begin receiving benefits. FICA taxes are 7.65% for employees and 15.3% for self employed individuals. The amount of taxes paid is not directly used to calculate an individual's benefit. The rate is broken down into two parts: Social Security and Medicare. The portion is 6.2% and is paid on a maximum of $106,800 of income for 2009. The income maximum is also known as a wage base. The Medicare portion is 1.45% on all earnings. These rates are set by law and haven't changed since 1990. The wage base for Social Security is indexed each year for inflation and Medicare has maintained an unlimited base since 1993.

Self employed person's pay double the amount of tax because the employer is responsible for the other half of an employee's liability. A self employed individual is both employer and employee. There are wages not subject to FICA taxes including some state and local government employees who participate in alternative programs such as CalSTRS and CalPERS. Each state and local government unit with a pension plan decides whether to elect Social Security and Medicare coverage. Civilian federal employees are covered by Medicare but usually not Social Security.

The earliest age at which reduced benefits are payable is 62. The age at which full retirement benefits are available is dependent upon the taxpayers age. An increase of regular retirement age was enacted to reduce the amount of benefits payable. For those currently over age 70 the normal age was 65. Anyone born after will fall somewhere on increasing scale which climbs incrementally to age 67 depending upon birth date. Anyone born after 1960 must reach age 67 for normal retirement benefits. Delaying receipt of benefits will increase a taxpayer's benefit until age 70.

Benefits are paid from taxes collected from other tax-payers. This makes it a pay as you go system and will eventually be directly responsible for the downfall of the program. At least as we know it today. In 2009, nearly 51 million Americans will receive $650 billion in Social Security Benefits. Economists project that payroll taxes will no longer be sufficient to fund benefits somewhere in the next 10 to 15 years. Once we can't cover the expense from cash flow, the program will begin drawing down the trust fund it has accumulated during times of surplus taxes. We can only speculate what happens when the trust fund runs out. This is the cause for concern often discussed in the news and other media. The fix for this problem is the subject of much political posturing including that witnessed in President Bush's 2005 State of the Union address.

The first reported Social Security payment was to Ernest Ackerman, who retired only one day after Social Security began. Five cents were withheld from his pay during that period, and he received a lump-sum payout of seventeen cents from Social Security. This might give you an indication of how Social Security handles business.

A current spouse is eligible to receive survivor benefits equal to 100% of the deceased worker's benefit if they have reached normal retirement age.

Divorced spouses are eligible for benefits equal to one half of the worker's benefit if they were married for 10 years have not remarried and are at least 62 years old. This is called a derivative benefit. A spousal applicant must wait until the worker has reached retirement age, 62, in order to apply for benefits. The worker is not required to have applied for benefits in order for the ex-spouse to apply for spousal benefits. They are not entitled to increases for benefits taken after normal retirement age. If a worker has died and the ex-spouse has reached full retirement age they can receive 100% of the worker's benefit as survivor benefits.

If an applicant is between age 62 and their normal retirement age; the application for benefits will be based on the applicant's earnings record. If one half of an ex-spouse's benefit is greater than the applicant's benefit on their own record; the applicant can choose to take whichever is greater. If you wait until your normal retirement age and file for spousal benefits you can continue to accrue benefits and enhancements for delaying your own retirement up until your age 70.

An ex-spouse's receipt of derivative benefits on the worker's record does not reduce the worker's benefits. It is even possible for more than one ex-spouse to collect on the worker's derivative benefits. This could lead to as much as 500% of the original benefit being claimed by the five ex-spouses.

Windfall Elimination Provision and Government Pension Offset Provision

For those worker's who are covered by a pension based on their own earnings not covered by Social Security a different method of computing benefits applies. The alternative method is called the Windfall Elimination Provision (WEP) and was created to close a loophole that enabled worker's who earned benefits in covered and non-covered employment from being labeled a low-earning worker and receiving a disproportionately large Social Security benefit.

The formula is weighted in favor of low earners because such a person is more dependent on Social Security. If the WEP is applicable it reduces a worker's Social Security benefit by 50% of the worker's pension benefit up to a maximum of $380.50 in 2010.

If you earned a pension based on work where you did not pay Social Security taxes, your Social Security spousal or derivative benefits may be reduced. The Government Pension Offset Provision (GPO) was enacted to treat retired government employees who had not contributed to Social Security similarly to retirees who had. The GPO reduces derivative benefits by two-thirds of other government pensions received. This can reduce Social Security benefits to zero.

The truly important ramification of the WEP and GPO on Social Security retirement benefits comes into play during divorce proceedings. Federal Law makes Social Security benefits the separate property of the party that earned them.

They are not assignable or divisible in a family law court and not considered an asset of the community in California.

Government and other pensions, on the other hand, are considered community property in the state of California to the extent benefits were earned during marriage. Derivative benefits under the Social Security program for ex-spouses would seem, at first glance to remedy the problem. The non-worker spouse get's half of the worker's retirement benefit via derivative benefit payments. Getting to the true ramifications of the WEP and GPO during divorce proceedings requires sound financial planning.

Consider the following couple.

- Jim was a private employee covered by the Social Security system. He retired at age 66 with a monthly Social Security benefit of $2,014.

- Barbara has been employed as a teacher for 30 years covered by the California State Teacher's Retirement System. She retired this year at age 65 with 30 years of service under CalSTRS and a monthly benefit of $5,520 without having paid a single penny into Social Security.

- Barbara's CalSTRS benefits are considered community property in California having been earned entirely during marriage.

- Jim and Barbara are divorcing and her CalSTRS pension will be divided equally with each party receiving $2,760.

- Jim will continue to receive his $2,014 per month of Social Security.

- Barbara will be entitled to a derivative Social Security benefit equal to one half of Jim's benefit, $1,007, or the benefit she has earned on her own record. Barbara has not earned a benefit on her own record so she will choose to receive the derivative benefit on Jim's record.

- The Government Pension Offset will reduce Barbara's Social Security benefits by two thirds of her $2,760 pension benefit, or $1,839.82. The GPO leaves Barbara with $0 from the Social Security derivative benefit.

- Barbara will receive a total of $2,760 from her CalSTRS Pension and $0 from Jim's Social Security derivative benefit.

- Jim's Social Security benefits will not be affected by the GPO or WEP. - Jim will receive $2,760 from Barbara's CalSTRS benefit and $2,014 from his Social Security retirement benefits for a total of $4,776.

What looks to the lay person to be an appropriately arranged method for completing an equal division of assets leads to a grossly in-equitable settlement that provides Jim with $4,776 per month and Barbara with $2,760 per month.

The California Federation of Teachers sponsored a rally on November 7th to urge Congress to pass SR 484 in the Senate and HR 235 in the House of Representatives to repeal the Government Pension Offset and Windfall Elimination Provision. This has been attempted numerous times before without success. Social Security is a monster of finances, public policy and entitlement. Making changes is not easy or quick.

Consulting with a qualified financial planner experienced in the nuances of divorce finances and retaining their services as a neutral expert or advisor will help divorcing individuals work with and around in-equities caused by the system.

Pacific Divorce Management's mission is to help couples address the legal, emotional, and financial aspects of divorce in a civilized, equitable, and efficient manner by providing expert divorce financial planning advice.

While dissolving a marriage is never pleasant, it does not have to be an ongoing exercise in mutual misery. Pacific Divorce Management provides divorce financial planning services with a focus on the long term well being of all parties. The processes known as Mediation and Collaborative Divorce are forms of Alternative Dispute Resolution that Pacific Divorce Management specializes in.

Justin A. Reckers CFP, CDFA AIF ™

858.509.2329

jreckers@pacdivorce.com

http://www.pacdivorce.com/

Our firm does not provide legal or tax advice. Be sure to consult with your own tax and legal advisors before taking any action that would have tax consequences. The information provided herein is obtained from sources believed to be reliable; but no representation or warranty is made as to its accuracy or completeness.

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Justin_Reckers